The Russian government has fully blocked Meta's WhatsApp due to its non-compliance with local laws. In response, the Kremlin has promoted MAX, a state-backed messaging application introduced in 2025. MAX aims to serve as a universal mobile application, consolidating various digital services and was pre-installed on smartphones sold in Russia from September 2025. The Kremlin claims MAX is an accessible alternative for users, but critics view it as a potential surveillance tool due to its design that collects extensive user data and lacks end-to-end encryption.