internet governance

The Max messenger app, launched by VK in March 2025, has gained popularity in Russia, particularly as the government restricts messaging apps like WhatsApp and Telegram. The app combines messaging, social media, government services, digital identification, and banking. President Vladimir Putin supports it as a means to achieve "technological sovereignty," and a law designates Max as a "national multifunctional messenger." Digital Development Minister Maksut Shadayev has promoted Max, which is also featured prominently on state television. Although not mandatory, there is significant pressure on citizens to use it, with schools and corporations transitioning communications to Max. As of March, the app surpassed 100 million users and is on Russia's "white list" of digital services that remain operational during internet blackouts. Since September, it has been pre-installed on all phones and tablets sold in Russia, with the RuStore app store being mandatory for Apple devices. Max does not offer end-to-end encryption, and user data is stored on Russian servers, with policies allowing data sharing with authorities. Critics, including the Budushcheye political movement, express concerns about surveillance and the app's functionality as a "digital trap." Despite government assurances, disruptions on Telegram and WhatsApp have been reported, with limitations on calls initiated by the government citing non-cooperation from these foreign-owned services.