network troubleshooting

The Windows Command Prompt is a key tool for PC troubleshooting, especially for IT professionals. - Netstat -a -n -o: Initial release in 1983; used for diagnosing network errors by revealing active connections, ports, and their states. Parameters -a, -n, and -o provide additional insights. - Ping -n 100 IP or webaddress: Initial release in 1983; checks connectivity to a network location, measuring latency and hops. The -n parameter specifies the number of packets, and the -t option allows continuous testing. - ipconfig /release and ipconfig /renew: Initial release in 1998; essential for displaying network hardware status and resolving IP conflicts by refreshing network configurations. - DISM /Online /Cleanup-image /RestoreHealth: Initial release in 2009; maintains Windows installation images by checking and repairing the Windows Component Store. - Sfc /scannow: Initial release in 1998; verifies and repairs the integrity of the operating system, useful for resolving certain errors. - powercfg.exe /hibernate off: Initial release in 2004; disables hibernation to free up disk space by deleting the hiberfil.sys file. - OOBEbypassnro: Initial release in 2020; allows bypassing Microsoft account registration during Windows 11 installation, though its future is uncertain due to planned removal in an upcoming update.