Research by Doug Leith, a professor at Trinity College Dublin, shows that Android users are subjected to advertising cookies and tracking mechanisms that start collecting data before any app is launched, without user consent or the option to opt out. The study identifies systems within Android that send user data to Google via pre-installed apps like Google Play Services and the Google Play Store. One such mechanism is the "DSID" cookie, which is created shortly after logging into a Google account and is used for personalized advertising, lasting two weeks. Another tracker, the Google Android ID, is generated upon first interaction with Google Play Services and continues to transmit data even after the user logs out, with removal only possible through a factory reset. Leith's findings raise concerns about potential violations of data protection laws, particularly regarding the classification of the Android ID as personally identifiable information under GDPR. Google responded to the findings, emphasizing user privacy and compliance with privacy laws, while also stating disagreement with Leith's legal analysis. Additionally, the introduction of the Android System SafetyCore feature, which scans photo libraries for explicit content without user consent, has sparked user discontent, with many reviews criticizing the lack of consent during its installation.