side-channel

Researchers at Graz University of Technology discovered significant vulnerabilities in the file-notification subsystems of major operating systems: Linux, Windows, macOS, and Android. These flaws, present for decades, allow side-channel attacks that can infer sensitive information like keystrokes and visited websites. The vulnerabilities are rooted in components such as inotify (Linux, since 2005), FileObserver (Android, since 2008), ReadDirectoryChangesW (Windows, since 2000), and FSEvents (macOS, since 2007). Unprivileged users can exploit these subsystems to observe file events, potentially leading to keystroke timing attacks and credential theft. While Linux has implemented partial mitigations (CVE-2025-68788), Microsoft and Apple have acknowledged the issues but have not provided substantial patches.