Writing extensively at Neowin often leads me to ponder the fleeting nature of memory regarding my past articles. There are times when I revisit my own work and find myself thinking, “I don’t recall writing this.” However, one particular piece stands out in my memory—a report from Canalys that projected a staggering 240 million PCs could end up in landfills due to Microsoft’s decision to discontinue support for Windows 10 without offering an upgrade path for many older machines.
In this editorial, I will explore how Microsoft’s planned obsolescence not only affects users but also perpetuates significant environmental harm. Additionally, I will delve into the world of Linux distributions that can breathe new life into computers left behind by Microsoft, providing a viable alternative for those with aging hardware.
Background
Microsoft has announced that support for Windows 10 will officially end on October 14, 2025. This impending deadline looms large, as the company will cease to provide free updates, technical support, or security fixes after this date. While Microsoft encourages users to utilize trade-in and recycling programs for their unsupported devices, the reality is that many individuals may not take advantage of these options, and in some regions, such programs simply do not exist.
For businesses that require additional time to transition, Microsoft is introducing the Extended Security Updates (ESU) program, which offers one year of updates for a fee of . Although systems will continue to operate post-support, connecting to the internet will expose them to vulnerabilities. For those determined to cling to Windows 10, unofficial solutions like 0patch offer limited security patches, albeit without formal support.
The stringent hardware requirements for Windows 11, particularly concerning CPU and Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 specifications, pose significant barriers to upgrading. These requirements are intended to enhance security in response to escalating cyber threats. While tools exist to bypass these restrictions, they are not endorsed by Microsoft and may lead to complications with future updates.
Canalys estimates that the hardware limitations imposed by Microsoft could render 240 million PCs obsolete, equating to one-fifth of all computers globally. To illustrate the scale of this issue, if these devices were stacked as folded laptops, they would reach a height of 600 kilometers—far surpassing the distance to the Moon. Many of these machines, if still functional, could be recycled; however, their lack of support drastically diminishes their resale value, leading to a troubling trend where most used PCs ultimately end up in landfills.
Environmental Impact
The environmental ramifications of disposing of computers in landfills are severe. These devices often contain heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, which pose significant risks to both human and animal health, as well as the ecosystem. Additionally, the batteries found in laptops present fire hazards, and the plastic casings can take centuries to decompose.
In developing countries that import e-waste for metal recovery, harmful burning techniques are frequently employed, releasing toxic emissions that endanger public health. Furthermore, disposing of computers in landfills means that valuable metals are lost, necessitating further mining for new materials, which exacerbates environmental degradation and often involves unethical labor practices.
According to research from Oxford University, a standard PC and monitor used for six years generates a carbon footprint of 778 kg CO2e, with 85% of these emissions stemming from manufacturing and transportation. If we consider the potential replacement of all 240 million PCs at a rate of 661 kg CO2e each, we could witness an alarming 158 million metric tons of CO2e emissions—equivalent to driving 400 billion miles in a typical vehicle.
Even when recycling is an option, much of the waste still finds its way to landfills or is shipped to countries that may not welcome it. The environmental hazards associated with this waste, including heavy metals and battery risks, underscore the importance of prolonging the life of older computers by exploring alternative operating systems.
Alternatives to Windows
One of the most effective ways to mitigate the environmental impact of Microsoft’s policies is to install Linux on older computers. Linux serves as an umbrella term for a diverse range of distributions that utilize the Linux kernel, offering something for everyone—often at no cost.
For many users, Linux can serve as a complete replacement for Windows. While some applications may not be available on Linux, numerous free alternatives exist. Gaming on Linux has also improved significantly, thanks in part to Steam’s commitment to expanding its offerings on this platform.
Linux distributions come in various forms, catering to different hardware capabilities. For those with older or sluggish systems, lightweight distributions like LXQt can enhance performance while sacrificing some visual flair. A highly recommended option for former Windows users is Linux Mint, which features a familiar interface reminiscent of Windows 10 and allows users to control when updates are installed.
The latest version of Linux Mint, version 22, is supported until April 2029, providing users with ample time to continue utilizing their computers. Even after this support period, many Linux distributions are likely to remain functional on older hardware.
For those seeking alternatives, Fedora Silverblue offers a system with atomic updates similar to ChromeOS, while Lubuntu, which employs the LXQt desktop environment, is ideal for underpowered machines. Lubuntu maintains a user-friendly experience while delivering impressive speed, making it a suitable choice for older systems.
Transitioning to Linux
A common misconception about Linux is that users must be proficient with the command line. In reality, most tasks can be accomplished through graphical interfaces, making Linux accessible to a wide audience. While the Terminal is available for those interested in learning, it is not a prerequisite for using the operating system.
Another myth is that gaming is limited on Linux. While some titles may not be available, a wealth of games can be found in software repositories, and many popular games can be played through Steam’s Proton compatibility layer. For those transitioning from Windows, it is advisable to seek native Linux alternatives for software like Microsoft Office and Photoshop, rather than attempting to install Windows programs through compatibility layers.
Linux systems do not require antivirus software, as the Linux kernel effectively manages hardware drivers and security updates. This plug-and-play experience simplifies the use of peripherals, ensuring compatibility with most devices without the need for additional downloads.
For aspiring programmers, Linux is an excellent platform, with Python pre-installed and a variety of integrated development environments readily available. When downloading software, users can typically find DEB or RPM packages that simplify installation through double-clicking.
Hardware Repurposing
As previously mentioned, repurposing computer components can extend the life of older machines. Hard drives can be transformed into external storage solutions, while RAM can be transferred to other systems to enhance performance. The more components that can be reused or sold, the better for both the environment and your wallet.
If you decide to upgrade to a new Windows 11 computer, consider installing Linux on your old device before selling or donating it. A Linux-powered laptop can serve as an affordable educational tool for children, eliminating the need for a Chromebook. Alternatively, ChromeOS Flex can be installed on older PCs, although hardware support may vary.
Old computers can also be repurposed for various functions, such as file servers, media centers, or home automation hubs, allowing you to save money while maximizing the utility of your devices.
Future Outlook
While Microsoft’s encouragement of recycling and trade-in programs is a step in the right direction, the reality remains that many PCs will likely be discarded. It seems improbable that Microsoft will reconsider its approach to extending Windows 10’s support or accommodating unsupported devices for Windows 11.
To genuinely enhance its environmental reputation, Microsoft should reconsider its upgrade policies and invest in educating users about recycling options. By bolstering recycling initiatives, the company could help ensure that fewer machines end up in landfills.
As Apple continues to innovate in recycling technology and extend the lifespan of its products, it raises questions about Microsoft’s commitment to sustainability. The tech industry as a whole must address the need for more robust schemes to facilitate the return of older devices for parts and material recovery.
It will be intriguing to see if regulators and policymakers take notice of these pressing issues and advocate for a circular economy. While progress has been made in areas like standardizing charging cables, much work remains to be done.
